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Susan Catania
Susan Catania
Catania in 1976
Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 22nd district
In office
1973–1983
Preceded byGenoa Washington (Republican representative of multi-member district)
Succeeded byRedistricted
Personal details
Born
Susan Kmetty

(1941-12-10)December 10, 1941
Chicago, Illinois, US
DiedNovember 27, 2023(2023-11-27) (aged 81)
Eagle River, Wisconsin, US
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Anthony E. Catania
​
(died 2022)​
Children7
Education

Susan Catania (née Kmetty; December 10, 1941 – November 27, 2023) was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 to 1983. She was involved in women's rights issues, and she led the unsuccessful effort to get the federal Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratified by the Illinois General Assembly. Catania also served as chairperson of the Illinois Commission on the Status of Women. A representative from Chicago, she was described as a liberal, feminist, and maverick member of the Republican legislative caucus.

Catania represented a heavily African American and Democratic district, but a Republican could still represent the district under the state's cumulative voting system. In the House, Catania introduced gay rights bills and the Freedom of Information Act, but both efforts were unsuccessful. During her tenure, she sponsored over 50 bills that became law, including the Crime Victim Compensation Act and a bill that designated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a state holiday, both of which were enacted in 1973. Cumulative voting was abolished by the Cutback Amendment in 1981, and Catania lost any chance to retain her seat in the House going forward. During the 1982 elections, she ran for lieutenant governor, but lost the Republican primary, which was seen as a referendum on ratification of the ERA.

Early years and personal life

[edit]
Photo of Susan Kmetty (now Catania)
Susan Kmetty (later Catania) in 1958

Born in Chicago on December 10, 1941, Susan Kmetty grew up in the Beverly neighborhood in the city's South Side.[1][2] She was an only child. Her father, John Kmetty, made supplies for heavy industrial equipment, and her mother, Helen Giffrow Kmetty, taught home economics at Chicago Public Schools.[3] Susan attended Catholic schools, including Mother McAuley High School. In 1962, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from Saint Xavier University. She later did one year of graduate studies in chemistry, including work as a teaching assistant, at Northwestern University.[1][2][4]

In 1963 Kmetty married Anthony E. Catania, whom she had met during an intercollegiate glee club event.[3] They had seven daughters, three of whom were born during Susan's tenure as a state representative.[5] They were married for 58 years before Anthony died in 2022.[6]

Catania's education, and the fact that both of her parents worked, motivated her to work full-time in an era when many men assumed women were to stay at home. In 1963, she joined Walter C. McCrone Associates, a microscopy consulting firm in the South Side, as information director, technical writer, and publicist. She hired a babysitter and lived near her workplace, allowing her to nurse her baby during her break. By the end of 1970, Catania quit that job after she did not receive a promotion she had expected. The following year, she filed a sex discrimination lawsuit after her employer allegedly hired a man with less experience but offered him twice the pay. Her claim to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was the first by an Illinois woman for unemployment benefits based on sex discrimination, and included a claim for being denied dependent benefits for her children. Catania connected with the National Organization for Women, which was recruiting women to testify at the General Assembly for a bill expanding access to unemployment benefits for pregnant women. Catania would become one of the women to testify with the organization. By 1972, she worked freelance as a technical publications consultant.[2][7]

Campaign for the House

[edit]

Amid her advocacy for legislation protecting pregnant women, in 1972 Catania decided to campaign for a seat in the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 22nd district.[2] She was vying for the Republican seat in her district that was available under the state's cumulative voting system,[4] in which each district elected three members.[8] Her district was predominantly African American and Democratic.[9]

Three other candidates ran for the Republican nomination, including incumbent Genoa Washington. The Chicago Tribune reported that Catania was running "one of the most vigorous campaigns of the year", in contrast to the other candidates. Washington was confident of his reelection and led a relatively quiet campaign. Catania ran on a platform to mitigate pollution, promote consumer protection, improve public education, promote small business, regulate insurance practices in the inner city, and combat racial and sex discrimination.[10] Washington battled cancer and died a few weeks before the election, leaving his seat vacant.[5][11] Catania won the election, having secured endorsements from Independent Voters of Illinois and Gloria Steinem, an activist and journalist.[5]

Tenure

[edit]

Catania has been described as a liberal,[7] feminist, and maverick.[12] She often defied her party's leadership, supporting gun control and abortion, but faced few repercussions as there is no Republican organization in the South Side of Chicago.[13] Throughout her tenure, she sponsored over 50 bills that became law, addressing topics that included domestic violence, child support, joint custody, school bus safety, grandparents' visitation rights, state income tax reform, a rape shield law, and public aid.[3][14]

Women's rights

[edit]

Catania joined a small group of women legislators who focused on women's rights issues in the 1970s.[4] Judy Koehler, a colleague in the House, regarded Catania as "very much a leader on women’s issues, on such things as domestic violence, sexual abuse and employment discrimination".[2] In 1974, she shocked male legislators by bringing her infant daughter to the House floor and nursing her baby in the women's restroom.[15] The infant remained in a car bed under an empty desk near Catania's, and recent renovations had added a new women's lounge by the entrance into the House chamber, the lounge equipped with a loudspeaker to keep its occupants informed of House proceedings. In 1975, Catania was appointed chairperson of the Illinois Commission on the Status of Women, a 16-member panel including both Democratic and Republican appointees.[2]

Catania credited disposable diapers with helping her care for her babies while traveling for legislative business.[16] Catania supported the federal Displaced Homemakers Act, which addressed women seeking to enter or re-enter the workforce. She testified at hearings of a US House subcommittee in 1976, and a US Senate subcommittee in 1977.[17][18] Catania was chief sponsor[19] of the unsuccessful effort to get the federal Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratified by the General Assembly,[note 1][4] breaking with Speaker George Ryan, who opposed the ERA. Ryan later declined to reappoint her to the Commission on the Status of Women.[21] Her term as the commission's chairperson had lasted for eight years.[9]

In 1979, Catania proposed an amendment to the Illinois Human Rights Act, which had passed the Senate with the sponsorship of Harold Washington. Catania's amendment, which would have allowed women guarantees in the use of credit cards, passed the House but was not accepted by the Senate. As Catania refused to back down, the bill deadlocked, and the General Assembly adjourned at the end of June. After additional negotiations, the act was re-introduced in November without Catania's amendment, and the bill became law in December.[22] That same year, she won an award named after Susan B. Anthony for her legislative leadership on women's issues.[23]

Other issues

[edit]

In January 1973, Catania introduced a bill that designated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a state holiday. She was joined as sponsors by Harold Washington (a state representative at the time) and Peggy Smith Martin, and the bill was signed in September of the same year by Governor Dan Walker.[24] Catania introduced gay rights bills as early as 1976, partnering with legislators Robert E. Mann and Leland H. Rayson.[25] Activist Rick Garcia credited her for "open[ing] the door for other moderate Republicans to start to begin supporting basic civil rights for LGBTQ+ people".[5] Catania and Elroy Sundquist, a fellow Republican in the House, also sponsored bills to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, in 1977 the legislation was overwhelmingly defeated, with a vote of 38–114.[26] In 1974, Catania was the first to sponsor the Freedom of Information Act. Chicago-based Democrats in the General Assembly often opposed freedom of information initiatives in the mid-1970s, referring the matters back to legislative committees to avoid consideration.[27] She also sponsored the Crime Victim Compensation Act, which passed in 1973.[28] Catania secured emergency state funding for Cook County Hospital and Provident Hospital, the latter effort which was co-sponsored with Harold Washington.[3] She also sponsored gun control legislation, but those efforts failed.[2]

Catania encouraged voters to support Republican Charles H. Percy for election as U.S. Senator from Illinois.[13] She also encouraged constituents to protest against Edward Hanrahan, the Democratic state's attorney for Cook County, for his controversial role in the killing of Black Panthers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.[29] In 1980, Catania supported John B. Anderson during the Republican Party presidential primaries.[12] Shortly after the 1980 presidential election, she criticized Ronald Reagan's military defense policies in an interview published by the Catholic progressive organization Call to Action.[30]

Post-House political career

[edit]
Screenshot of television ad, showing a portrait of Catania with the caption "SUSAN CATANIA – For Lt. Governor – Republican Primary March 16"
Advertisement for Catania's lieutenant governor campaign in 1982

Cumulative voting was abolished by the Cutback Amendment in 1981, and Catania lost any chance to retain her seat in the House going forward.[4] She ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor in 1982. It was also a form of retaliation against George Ryan, who had opposed her reappointment to the Commission on the Status of Women and was also running for lieutenant governor.[21] As the only candidate to openly support the ERA, Catania collected donations from feminists nationwide who were hoping to get Illinois to ratify the amendment.[12] At the time, Illinois was the only northern industrial state that had not ratified, and national ERA leaders viewed the election as a potential referendum on the amendment. The National Organization for Women supported Catania, while Phyllis Schlafly, an ERA opponent, recognized the importance of the race and opposed her.[21] Governor James R. Thompson backed Ryan in the race, and mainstream Republicans in Illinois regarded Catania "as radical as Leon Trotsky".[31] Catania lost the primary, coming in second place to Ryan.[8] Afterwards, she continued lobbying on women's rights issues.[4]

Starting in December 1982, Catania was a member of the women's committee of the Chicago 1992 World's Fair. She also served on the advisory committee, formed in July 1983, of Harold Washington, who by then had been elected mayor of Chicago.[32] In spring 1983, Catania was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics for six months, studying women in politics.[9][33] Her activities included giving lectures, leading seminars, and rowing along the Charles River as part of a rowing crew team.[2] On June 7, 1984, she testified before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations during a hearing regarding the role of women in the economic development of the Third World.[34] During the 1984 Republican National Convention, Catania gained national attention as the only delegate who refused to support the Reagan–Bush slate.[4][7] In 1986, she ran in the at-large election to be a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners representing Chicago, succeeding in the primary to be one of ten Republican nominees, but losing the general election.[35][36] During Chicago's mayoral election in 1987, she was mentioned as a potential candidate for the Republican primary,[37] though she ultimately opted not to run.[2]

By 1992, Catania ran her consulting firm.[38] She helped open a daycare center for state employees in Chicago.[7] During the 1992 elections in Cook County, she was the Republican nominee for recorder of deeds, losing the election to Democratic nominee Jesse White.[39]

Later life

[edit]
Photo of Susan Catania
Catania in 2010

In 1993, Governor Jim Edgar assigned Catania to the Department of Children and Family Services, where she was responsible for establishing and licensing foster-care homes in Cook County.[2][7] In 1997, Catania earned a Master of Social Work degree at the University of Chicago.[2] By 1998, she worked for the Department of Human Services, overseeing the state's program for preventing and responding to sexual assault.[8][14] She worked for that department until her retirement.[3]

Catania survived bouts of breast cancer and bone cancer.[40] In 2016, she supported Democratic nominee Tammy Duckworth for the United States Senate election in Illinois, and also Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton for the presidential election.[8] She eventually moved to Buffalo Grove, Illinois, then to Eagle River, Wisconsin for permanent retirement.[note 2] In Eagle River, Catania lived in a family cabin at Cranberry Lake that had been purchased by her parents when she was young, and where her children would spend their summers. Catania died from injuries during a fire at the cabin on November 27, 2023, at age 81.[2][40]

Electoral history

[edit]

Illinois House of Representatives elections

[edit]
1972 primary election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[41]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Genoa S. Washington 1,632 49.64
Republican Susan Catania 1,275 38.78
Republican George Williams 266+1⁄2 8.11
Republican M. Earle Sardon 114+1⁄2 3.48
Total votes 3,288 100
1972 general election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[41]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Corneal A. Davis 55,911+1⁄2 42.18
Democratic James A. McLendon 47,021 35.48
Republican Susan Catania 20,260+1⁄2 15.29
Republican William O. Stewart 9,347 7.05
Total votes 619,133 100
1974 primary election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[42]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 1,748+1⁄2 64.68
Republican Brenda E. Perry 955 35.32
Total votes 2,703+1⁄2 100
1974 general election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[42]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Corneal A. Davis 32,396 39.73
Democratic James A. McLendon 31,874 39.09
Republican Susan Catania 13,377 16.41
Republican Brenda E. Perry 3,893+1⁄2 4.77
Total votes 81,540+1⁄2 100
1976 primary election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[43]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 1,484 73.00
Republican Willie Reed 549 27.00
Total votes 2,033 100
1976 general election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[43]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Corneal A. Davis 51,456 43.25
Democratic James A. McLendon 44,197+1⁄2 37.15
Republican Susan Catania 18,368+1⁄2 15.44
Republican Willie Reed 4,951 4.16
Total votes 118,973 100
1978 primary election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[44]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 1,314+1⁄2 70.54
Republican Willie Reed 331+1⁄2 17.79
Republican Alma King 217+1⁄2 11.67
Total votes 1,863+1⁄2 100
1978 general election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[45]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Larry S. Bullock 30,623+1⁄2 40.10
Democratic Quentin J. Goodwin 26,277+1⁄2 34.41
Republican Susan Catania 15,388+1⁄2 20.15
Republican Willie Reed 4,086+1⁄2 5.35
Total votes 76,376 100
1980 primary election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[46]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 2,325 98.48
Republican W. Frazier (Write-in) 27 1.14
Republican Write-ins 9 0.38
Total votes 2,361 100
1980 general election—Illinois House of Representatives, 22nd District[47]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Larry S. Bullock 43,939 36.19
Democratic Margaret Smith 41,347+1⁄2 34.06
Republican Susan Catania 17,460+1⁄2 14.38
Good-Win Quentin J. Goodwin 11,611 9.56
Republican Wynetta A. Frazier 4,322 3.56
Independent "Big James" Phipps 2,090 1.72
Independent James "Skip" Burrell 627+1⁄2 0.52
Total votes 121,397+1⁄2 100

Later elections

[edit]
1982 Republican primary—Illinois Lieutenant Governor[48]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican George Ryan 278,544 44.99
Republican Susan Catania 188,220 30.40
Republican Donald L. Totten 152,356 24.61
Write-in Others 13 0.00
Total votes 619,133 100
1986 Republican primary—Cook County Board of Commissioners, Chicago seats[35]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 13,501 9.85
Republican Richard D. Murphy 13,417 9.79
Republican Brenda A. Sheriff 12,994 9.48
Republican Julia Fairfax 12,923 9.43
Republican Brian G. Doherty 12,839 9.36
Republican William Allen E. Boyd 12,684 9.25
Republican Stephan J. Evans 12,669 9.24
Republican Charles J. Fogel 12,517 9.13
Republican LaFaye L. Casey 12,133 8.85
Republican Paul J. Taxey 10,967 8.00
Republican William M. Cronin 10,464 7.63
1986 general election—Cook County Board of Commissioners, Chicago seats[36]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic George W. Dunne (incumbent) 569,517 8.60
Democratic Charles R. Bernardini 528,928 7.99
Democratic Jerry "Iceman" Butler (incumbent) 527,951 7.58
Democratic John H. Stroger, Jr. (incumbent) 520,930 7.87
Democratic Irene C. Hernandez (incumbent) 506,389 7.65
Democratic Bobbie L. Steele 503,110 7.60
Democratic Frank A. Damato 499,689 7.55
Democratic Samuel G. Vaughan (incumbent) 596,454 7.50
Democratic Marco Domico 485,772 7.34
Democratic Rose-Marie Love 482,230 7.29
Republican Susan Catania 205,219 3.10
Republican Richard D. Murphy 158,041 2.39
Republican Brian G. Doherty 156,207 2.36
Republican Brenda A. Sheriff 146,631 2.22
Republican Julia Fairfax 142,990 2.16
Republican William Allen E. Boyd 141,712 2.14
Republican LaFaye L. Casey 140,180 2.12
Republican Charles J. Fogel 138,667 2.09
Republican Stephan J. Evans 137,356 2.07
Republican Paul J. Taxey 131,957 1.99
1992 Republican primary—Cook County Recorder of Deeds[49]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Susan Catania 152,939 100
Total votes 152,939 100
1992 general election—Cook County Recorder of Deeds[39]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jesse White (incumbent) 1,121,885 58.07
Republican Susan Catania 809,963 41.93
Total votes 1,931,848 100

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The General Assembly eventually ratified the ERA in 2018, more than three decades after the federal deadline.[20]
  2. ^ One source suggests that Catania was living in Buffalo Grove as late as 2018,[8] but another source indicates that she moved into Eagle River as early as 2016.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Howlett, Michael J., ed. (1976). "Susan Catania". Illinois Blue Book, 1975–1976. Illinois Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Goldsborough, Bob (December 28, 2023). "Susan Catania, former state lawmaker and 'fighter' for equality, dies at 81". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Chicago Tribune (December 17, 2023). "Susan Catania". Legacy.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Catania, Susan; Haynes, Judy (1984). Susan Catania Memoir. Springfield, Illinois: University of Illinois Board of Trustees. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Padar, Kayleigh (December 14, 2023). "Former Republican Illinois legislator Susan Catania remembered for supporting gay rights". Windy City Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  6. ^ "Anthony Catania, 1942 – 2022". Chicago Sun-Times. September 22, 2022. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e Stein, Sharman (March 8, 1995). "DCFS coordinator puts family values to work". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e Schoenburg, Bernard (April 14, 2018). "Bernard Schoenburg: 36 years later, Susan Catania hopeful about ERA". The State Journal-Register. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c "Catania to teach course at SSU". Illinois Issues. University of Illinois at Springfield: 40. February 1984. ISSN 0738-9663. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Illinois Periodicals Online.
  10. ^ Seslar, Thomas (March 12, 1972). "Woman Overshadows Foes in 22d District Race". Chicago Tribune. sec. 10, p. 1. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Obituaries: Genoa Washington". Chicago Tribune. October 18, 1972. sec. 3, p. 16. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b c Broder, David S. (March 17, 1982). "Three Congressmen Apparently Lose, Another Periled in Illinois Primary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Kleine, Ted (October 14, 1999). "Triple Threat". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (May 1998). S.T.O.P. Violence Against Women in Illinois (PDF) (Report). p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  15. ^ Kleiman, Carol (October 26, 1999). "Businesses making breast-feeding an easier option". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  16. ^ Brotman, Barbara (April 20, 1990). "A world apart". Chicago Tribune. Cited in Peters, Thomas T.; Wissmann, Janet L. (September 1991). Actions Speak! (Louder than Words) : The Social and Environmental Impact of Solid Waste (PDF) (Report). Springfield, Illinois: University of Illinois. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Education Resources Information Center.
  17. ^ Levenstein, Lisa (March 2014). "'Don't Agonize, Organize!': The Displaced Homemakers Campaign and the Contested Goals of Postwar Feminism". Journal of American History. 100 (4): 1131. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau007 – via Academic Search Complete.
  18. ^ Displaced Homemakers Act, 1977. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Employment, Poverty, and Migratory Labor of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session on S. 418 to Provide for the Establishment of Multipurpose Service Centers for Displaced Homemakers, and for Other Purposes. Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Human Resources. September 1977. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Education Resources Information Center.
  19. ^ Locin, Mitchell (February 15, 1981). "Supporters of ERA get a 'last chance'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ O'Brien, Brendan (May 31, 2018). "Illinois passes Equal Rights Amendment, more than three decades after deadline". Reuters. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c Kieckhefer, Robert (March 1982). "Will it be Ryan, Totten or Catania?". Illinois Issues. University of Illinois at Springfield: 4. ISSN 0738-9663. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Illinois Periodicals Online.
  22. ^ Hamlish Levinsohn, Florence (1983). Harold Washington: A Political Biography. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0914091417.
  23. ^ "Honors". Illinois Issues. University of Illinois at Springfield: 36. June 1979. ISSN 0738-9663. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Illinois Periodicals Online.
  24. ^ Manning, Mary Lou (December 14, 1973). "States Offices To Be Closed On King's Birthday". Mt. Vernon Register-News. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Wooten, Amy; Baim, Tracy (2008). "Gay Rights Success in Illinois". In Baim, Tracy (ed.). Out and Proud in Chicago: An Overview of the City's Gay Community. Agate Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 9781572846432. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  26. ^ D'Emilio, John (2020). Queer Legacies: Stories from Chicago's LGBTQ Archives. University of Chicago Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780226727677. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  27. ^ Woodbury, Marsha Cook (1995). A Decade of Decisions: An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Illinois Freedom of Information Act by Public Universities (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. p. 38.
  28. ^ Chavis, Lakeidra; Nass, Daniel (July 9, 2021). "Illinois created a program to compensate crime victims. Nearly 50 years later, it's failing". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  29. ^ "Why Chicago Republicans Have To Run As Democrats". NBC 5 Chicago. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  30. ^ Pogorelc, Anthony J. (2012). "Allies Advancing Justice: Cooperation between U.S. Bishops and Call to Action to Promote the Peace and Economic Pastoral Letters (1982–1987)". Religions. 3 (4). MDPI: 914. doi:10.3390/rel3040902. ISSN 2077-1444.
  31. ^ Merriner, James L. (2008). The Man Who Emptied Death Row : Governor George Ryan and the Politics of Crime. The Elmer H. Johnson and Carol Holmes Johnson Series in Criminology. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0809328659.
  32. ^ Coletta, Sarah Louise (April 2017). No Little Plans: Making and Breaking the 1992 Chicago World's Fair (PDF) (PhD thesis). Montana State University. pp. 53–54, 183. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  33. ^ "Susan Catania". Harvard Kennedy School Institute of Politics. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  34. ^ Women in Development: Looking to the Future. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session. Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate. June 7, 1984. pp. 80–87. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021 – via Education Resources Information Center.
  35. ^ a b Primary Election; Cook County, Illinois; Tuesday, March 18, 1986 (PDF) (Report). Cook County Clerk's Office. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  36. ^ a b General Election; Cook County, Illinois; Tuesday, November 4, 1986 (PDF) (Report). Cook County Clerk's Office. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2008.
  37. ^ Fremon, David K. (1988). Chicago Politics, Ward by Ward. Indiana University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780253204905. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  38. ^ League of Women Voters of Illinois (October 25, 1992). "Cook County Recorder of Deeds". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  39. ^ a b General Election; Cook County, Illinois; Tuesday, November 3, 1992 (PDF) (Report). Cook County Clerk's Office. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2008.
  40. ^ a b Catania, Sara (December 7, 2023). "Trailblazer, Feminist, Mom: An Appreciation". Medium. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  41. ^ a b Official vote cast at the General Election, November 7, 1972; Judicial; Primary Election; General Primary, March 21, 1972 (Report). Illinois Secretary of State. 1972. pp. 65, 164. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2021 – via Illinois State Board of Elections.
  42. ^ a b Official vote cast at the General Election, November 5, 1974; Judicial; Primary Election; General Primary, March 19, 1974 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1974. pp. 37, 101. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  43. ^ a b Official vote cast at the General Election, November 2, 1976; Judicial; Primary Election; General Primary, March 16, 1976 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1976. pp. 61, 203. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  44. ^ Official vote cast at the Primary Election; General Primary, March 21, 1978 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1978. p. 57. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  45. ^ Official vote cast at the General Election, November 7, 1978 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1978. p. 68. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  46. ^ Official vote cast at the Primary Election, March 18, 1980 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1980. p. 97. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  47. ^ Official vote cast at the General Election, November 4, 1980 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1980. p. 42. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  48. ^ Official vote cast at the General Primary Election, March 16, 1982 (Report). Illinois State Board of Elections. 1982. p. 10. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  49. ^ Primary Election; Cook County, Illinois; Tuesday, March 17, 1992 (PDF) (Report). Cook County Clerk's Office. p. 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
[edit]
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